I'm not having much success in finding an 8031 POST (power on self test) online. I'd be especially interested in tests from a microprocessor manufacturer. For example, are there published tests to verify that the 128 bytes of indirect memory are reliable? Are there simple tests for the SFRs? Thanks for your comments. Robert Berkey
You may find the following test useful. However, it is not in Keil assembler and will need some adapting. The destructive RAM test tests all 256 bytes of the internal RAM - using only registers to control the loops and save the results. Note that the Stack Pointer is used to address memory - this is the only way to avoid using R0/R1. The test is based on an artical for which I cannot now find the reference. The test makes a through check of individual memory cells, detects all but the most exotic addressing faults and will detect most instances where the state of a bit is affected by the state of nearby bits. Note that this routine necessarily trashes the stack. The software invoking the destructive RAM test has to jump to this routine and provide a label to jump back to. The invoking software must then set up the stack etc. The watchdog refered to in this routine is bespoke hardware.
; ; Destructive Ram Test ; ; NB. Number of bytes of memory to be tested must be 2^n. ; ; sub_cycles REG RCAP2L ; sub_cycle_counter REG RCAP2H ; test_pattern REG B ; pass REG F0 ; test_failed REG F1 ; ; destructive_ram_test: ;BEGIN ; CLR test_failed ; test_failed := false. ; MOV DPTR,#drt_pattern_table ; 1$: ; FOR table_pointer := 0 TO 23 D0 SETB pass ; 2$: ; FOR pass := write TO read DO ; CLR A ; MOVC A,@A+DPTR ; MOV test_pattern,A ; Read test_pattern. MOV A,#01 ; MOVC A,@A+DPTR ; MOV sub_cycles,A ; Read sub_cycles. ; MOV SP,#00H ; Zero the memory pointer. ; 3$: ; FOR memory_pointer := 0 TO 255 DO ; MOV sub_cycle_counter,sub_cycles ; 4$: ; FOR sub_cycle_counter := sub_cycles TO 1 DO JNB pass,5$ ; IF pass = write THEN ; DEC SP ; PUSH test_pattern ; Write test_pattern to memory. SJMP 8$ ; 5$: ; ELSE POP Acc ; Read memory. INC SP ; CJNE A,test_pattern,6$ ; IF test_pattern = @memory_pointer THEN SJMP 7$ ; OK 6$: ; ELSE SETB test_failed ; Test failed. 7$: ; ENDIF 8$: ; ENDIF INC SP ; Increment memory_pointer. ; MOV A,SP ; ANL A,#00011111B ; JNZ 9$ ; IF memory_pointer MOD 32 = 0 THEN ; CPL reset_watchdog ; Toggle the watchdog with period of about 1 ms. ; 9$: ; ENDIF ; DJNZ sub_cycle_counter,4$ ; ENDFOR XRL test_pattern,#11111111B ; Invert the test pattern. MOV A,SP ; CJNE A,#00,3$ ; ENDFOR JBC pass,2$ ; ENDFOR INC DPTR ; INC DPTR ; Increment the table pointer. MOV A,DPL ; CJNE A,#LOW( drt_pattern_table_end ),1$ MOV A,DPH ; CJNE A,#HIGH( drt_pattern_table_end ),1$ ; ENDFOR MOV C,test_failed ; MOV self_test_alarm,C ; self_test_alarm := result of test. ; LJMP drt_return ;END ; drt_pattern_table: ; DB 10101010B,1 ;00 DB 01010101B,1 ;01 DB 11001100B,1 ;02 DB 00110011B,1 ;03 DB 11110000B,1 ;04 DB 00001111B,1 ;05 DB 11111111B,1 ;06 DB 00000000B,1 ;07 DB 11111111B,2 ;08 DB 00000000B,2 ;09 DB 11111111B,4 ;10 DB 00000000B,4 ;11 DB 11111111B,8 ;12 DB 00000000B,8 ;13 DB 11111111B,16 ;14 DB 00000000B,16 ;15 DB 11111111B,32 ;16 DB 00000000B,32 ;17 DB 11111111B,64 ;18 DB 00000000B,64 ;19 DB 11111111B,128 ;20 DB 00000000B,128 ;21 DB 11111111B,.LOW.(256) ;22 DB 00000000B,.LOW.(256) ;23 drt_pattern_table_end EQU $ ; ; ;
To: Graham Cole I converted your code to 8031 and Keil. The 8031 only has 128 bytes of indirect RAM and lacks some of the registers used in your processor. I also had to substitute for the local labels. I do wish that Keil would add local labels to their assembler. The Keil simulator indicates that this test runs in 80 milliseconds and uses 123 bytes of code space. Our watchdog waits 1.5 seconds before it gets alarmed, so I've removed that feature.
; ; Destructive 8031 Indirect-RAM Test ; Public Domain 2002 ; ; Tests 080H bytes Using Borer Test ; sub_cycles EQU TH0 ; reuse timer 0 register sub_cycle_counter EQU TL0 ; reuse timer 0 register test_pattern EQU B ; register pass EQU F0 ; bit, set=read clear=write test_failed EQU PSW.1 ; bit BSEG SELF_TEST_ALARM: DBIT 1 CSEG ; DESTRUCTIVE_IDATA_TEST: ; CLR TR0 ; assumes timer 0 is stopped ;BEGIN CLR test_failed ; test_failed := false. ; MOV DPTR,#dit_pattern_table ; _1: ; FOR table_pointer := 0 TO 10 D0 SETB pass ; _2: ; FOR pass := write TO read DO ; CLR A ; MOVC A,@A+DPTR ; MOV test_pattern,A ; Read test_pattern. MOV A,#01 ; MOVC A,@A+DPTR ; MOV sub_cycles,A ; Read sub_cycles. ; MOV SP,#00H ; Zero the memory pointer. ; _3: ; FOR memory_pointer := 0 TO 07FH DO ; MOV sub_cycle_counter,sub_cycles _4: ; FOR sub_cycle_counter := sub_cycles TO 1 DO JNB pass,_5 ; IF pass = write THEN ; DEC SP ; PUSH test_pattern ; Write test_pattern to memory. SJMP _8 ; _5: ; ELSE POP Acc ; Read memory. INC SP ; CJNE A,test_pattern,_6 ; IF test_pattern = @memory_pointer THEN SJMP _7 ; OK _6: ; ELSE SETB test_failed ; Test failed. _7: ; ENDIF _8: ; ENDIF INC SP ; Increment memory_pointer. ; DJNZ sub_cycle_counter,_4 ; ENDFOR XRL test_pattern,#11111111B ; Invert the test pattern. MOV A,SP ; CJNE A,#080H,_3 ; ENDFOR JBC pass,_2 ; ENDFOR INC DPTR ; INC DPTR ; Increment the table pointer. MOV A,DPL ; CJNE A,#LOW( dit_pattern_table_end ),_1 MOV A,DPH ; CJNE A,#HIGH( dit_pattern_table_end ),_1 ; ENDFOR MOV C,test_failed ; MOV self_test_alarm,C ; self_test_alarm := result of test. ; DIT_RETURN: LJMP RESTORE_IDATA ;END RESTORE_IDATA: JMP $ ; dit_pattern_table: ; DB 10101010B,1 ;00 DB 01010101B,1 ;00 DB 11001100B,1 ;01 DB 00110011B,1 ;01 DB 11110000B,1 ;02 DB 00001111B,1 ;02 DB 11111111B,1 ;03 DB 00000000B,1 ;03 DB 11111111B,2 ;04 DB 00000000B,2 ;04 DB 11111111B,4 ;05 DB 00000000B,4 ;05 DB 11111111B,8 ;06 DB 00000000B,8 ;06 DB 11111111B,16 ;07 DB 00000000B,16 ;07 DB 11111111B,32 ;08 DB 00000000B,32 ;08 DB 11111111B,64 ;09 DB 00000000B,64 ;09 DB 11111111B,128 ;10 DB 00000000B,128 ;10 ; DB 11111111B,LOW(256) ;11 for newer processors with 256 ; bytes of indirect ram ; DB 00000000B,LOW(256) ;11 dit_pattern_table_end EQU $ ; ; END The destructive RAM test tests all 128 bytes of the internal RAM - using only registers to control the loops and save the results. Note that the Stack Pointer is used to address memory - this is the only way to avoid using R0/R1. The test makes a through check of individual memory cells, detects all but the most exotic addressing faults and will detect most instances where the state of a bit is affected by the state of nearby bits. Note that this routine necessarily trashes the stack. The software invoking the destructive RAM test has to jump to this routine and provide a label to jump back to. The invoking software must then set up the stack etc. Reference: Borer, A.J.: Total Memory Test, Microprocessors and Microsystems, May 1980. Also of interest is: McEliece, R.J.: The Reliability of Computer Memories, Scientific American, January 1985.
I like the idea of being very thorough with this testing. I suppose that for the SFR's, I could go through each of them and wiggle each bit. I wonder why such routines aren't published, though. It seems like every microprocessor would need one. I remember that when the IBM PC was first introduced, I felt that the addition of a POST in their BIOS was an advance in microcomputer technology. That leads to the question, "has your test ever reported a bad processor?"
Back in the late 70's and early 80's it was a requirement for any kind of Military hardware that used micro's to perform a complete self test, not just of the RAM and EPROM but of the processor as well. Chip vendors supplied the micro test as part of a requested doc package for military users. The Intel 8080 version performed a test on all machine codes - if it passed you exited only one way, otherwise you wound up in various end points. I think as time went on, chip processes became so much better that this kind of test fell by the wayside ( I don't know if this is still a requirement by the military). For the 8051 and its variants it might not be worth it except for cases where life and limb is at stake (medical equipment and the like). There have been some concerns expressed about the latest technology parts, because the material thickness and volume are so small that stray alpha particles are becoming dangerous again. You might want to visit http://www.embedded.com for a recent article on this subject.
The destructive RAM test has discovered problems. 80C52 software that includes the Borer RAM test and a number of other self-test features has been incorporated into some 200,000 production units. The production contractors are not too analytical about why a unit fails, so I don't have exact figues, but it is clear that processor failures are rare. Probably between one in 1,000 and and one in 10,000. The self-test features generally ensure that units with faulty processors do not leave the factory. Only one service return indicating a failure to pass the destructive RAM test has ever been brought to my attention. The software includes other self-test features inlcuding testing SFRs on the lines that you suggest. I am not aware of this test ever detecting a fault. However, I think it is still worth doing as the effects of such faults may be very subtle. Although faults have been rare, it is important the remember that components are changing all the time. Your software may be put into processors made by different companies at different factories and even into processors that have a completely different construction. As fabrication techniques change, failure rates could change suddenly without warning. I feel that all embeded systems should include a power-on RAM and ROM test as a minimum and that a watchdog of some sort is a very good idea. Depending on the application, you might also consider a continuous ROM test and a non-destructive RAM test.