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Hardware Implementation

hi i created a hardware that calculates the square root of (a^2+b^2 )

i sent the inputs (a and b) with assembly and that was fine however when i tried to send them using c code the hardware take them as inputs calculates a^2 + b^2 but never do the square root

i am really clueless here i couldn't locate the problem

heeeeeeeeeeeeeeelp

Parents

Myy over 8 years ago in reply to mariam

So, if I understand correctly :

AGAIN  
       LDR R1, =0x59000000
       LDR R0, =0x00000022
       STR R0, [R1]
       LDR R1, =0x59000000
       LDR R0, =0x00002200
       STR R0, [R1]
       B AGAIN
ENDP

0x59000000 is the address where the input should be sent. I'll call it input_address here.

Then the first input value (a in your algebraic formulae) is retrieved from address 0x22 and stored at input_address.

Same thing for second input value (b), which address seems to be 0x2200.

Then, I guess, once two values provided the hardware do the whole calculation automatically ?

In that case, do this code work in your case :

test.c

int calculate(int a, int b) {
volatile int *input_address = (int*)0x59000000;
  while(1) {
    *input_address = a;
    *input_address = b;
  }
}

Compiling it with gcc like this :

armv7a-hardfloat-linux-gnueabi-gcc -O3 -nostdlib -shared -o test.o test.c

Generates this machine code :

armv7a-hardfloat-linux-gnueabi-objdump -d test.o

00000218 <calculate>:
 218:   e3a03459        mov     r3, #1493172224 ; 0x59000000
 21c:   e5830000        str     r0, [r3]
 220:   e5831000        str     r1, [r3]
 224:   eafffffc        b       21c <calculate+0x4>

Which is roughly the same.

In any case, in your provided code, did you try this instead :

int main() {
the_old_days:
  
  xd[0]=0;
  yd[0]=0;
  int i;
  for(i=0;i<9;i++){ /* with i < 10, when i = 9, xd[i+1] will be equal to xd[10] which is out of bounds */
    xd[i+1]= xd[i]+1;
    yd[i+1]= yd[i]+1;
    regdistance = xd[i];  
    regdistance = yd[i];  
  }

  goto the_old_days;
}

Reply

Myy over 8 years ago in reply to mariam

So, if I understand correctly :

AGAIN  
       LDR R1, =0x59000000
       LDR R0, =0x00000022
       STR R0, [R1]
       LDR R1, =0x59000000
       LDR R0, =0x00002200
       STR R0, [R1]
       B AGAIN
ENDP

0x59000000 is the address where the input should be sent. I'll call it input_address here.

Then the first input value (a in your algebraic formulae) is retrieved from address 0x22 and stored at input_address.

Same thing for second input value (b), which address seems to be 0x2200.

Then, I guess, once two values provided the hardware do the whole calculation automatically ?

In that case, do this code work in your case :

test.c

int calculate(int a, int b) {
volatile int *input_address = (int*)0x59000000;
  while(1) {
    *input_address = a;
    *input_address = b;
  }
}

Compiling it with gcc like this :

armv7a-hardfloat-linux-gnueabi-gcc -O3 -nostdlib -shared -o test.o test.c

Generates this machine code :

armv7a-hardfloat-linux-gnueabi-objdump -d test.o

00000218 <calculate>:
 218:   e3a03459        mov     r3, #1493172224 ; 0x59000000
 21c:   e5830000        str     r0, [r3]
 220:   e5831000        str     r1, [r3]
 224:   eafffffc        b       21c <calculate+0x4>

Which is roughly the same.

In any case, in your provided code, did you try this instead :

int main() {
the_old_days:
  
  xd[0]=0;
  yd[0]=0;
  int i;
  for(i=0;i<9;i++){ /* with i < 10, when i = 9, xd[i+1] will be equal to xd[10] which is out of bounds */
    xd[i+1]= xd[i]+1;
    yd[i+1]= yd[i]+1;
    regdistance = xd[i];  
    regdistance = yd[i];  
  }

  goto the_old_days;
}

Children

mariam over 8 years ago in reply to Myy

as i told M

Peter Harris

I don't why my keil can't allocate a memory address with a pointer however i think that the problem is within the def of the "attribute" which allocate a fixed address that can't be reused by another

i tried to differentiate the output of yd and xd and when i compiled my code i observed that regdistance take only the value of xd so i defined another address memory to put the yd and when i simulate my hardware behavior i found that now it calculates the a^2+b^2 but not the square root

if anyone has a suggestion or any idea how can i resolve this prob please help
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Myy over 8 years ago in reply to mariam

Well, can you use objdump -d on the bugged binary file and paste the output here.

I do not think that the variable definition is the problem here. However, one way to be sure is to try defining regdistance within main like this :

volatile int *regdistance = (int*)0x59000000;

And see if it works.

Note that you might want to replace

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)

else you will write into places you did not define (xd[9+1] is not defined).

However, the "at" behaviour can also be emulated doing something like :

test.c

volatile int input_address __attribute__ ((section ("regdistance")));

int calculate(int a, int b) {
  while(1) {
    input_address = a;
    input_address = b;
  }
}

Using a linker script like this :

test.ld

ENTRY(calculate)
SECTIONS
{
  . = 0x10000;
  .text : { *(.text*) }
  . = 0x59000000;
  .regdistance : { *(regdistance*) }
}

And then compile like this :

armv7a-hardfloat-linux-gnueabi-gcc -O3 -nostdlib -mthumb -T test.ld -o test test.c

Code produced :

LANG=C armv7a-hardfloat-linux-gnueabi-objdump -d test
test: file format elf32-littlearm
Disassembly of section .text:

00010000 <calculate>:
  10000:      f240 0300      movw    r3, #0
  10004:      f6c5 1300      movt    r3, #22784      ; 0x5900
  10008:      6018            str    r0, [r3, #0]
  1000a:      6019            str    r1, [r3, #0]
  1000c:      e7fc            b.n    10008 <calculate+0x8>
  1000e:      bf00            nop