Error: L6218E: Undefined symbol pairing

So - you seem to be using the PCB and GMB libraries - but why did you not tell us that directly? Wouldn't knowledge about the relevant libraries be an important part for anyone who should answer?

crypto.stanford.edu/.../
https://gmplib.org/

The linker misses code. Shouldn't you make sure you have included all source files or maybe all prebuilt library files?

well i didn't think that mentioning the libraries would make a difference
i thought that such an error may occur no matter what library we use
Truthfully am not an expert here it's been 3 years since the last time i programmed a simple c code "hello world" but here i am struggling to understand how to manipulate a c code and to implement it to the FPGA
well sorry to ask what did you mean by prebuilt library ?
and about the included sources files they have been all added to the project in fact these "undefined symbols " are in fact defined in the associated header files .

The header files are only there to tell the compiler that it should accept a source file that references symbols mentioned in the header file.

But you need the implementation too. And that needs to either come in a source file, or precompiled in an object file, or merged with other object files into a library file.

Missing a header file gives you issues with the compiler.

Missing to add the required source files, object files or libraries to the project gives you issues with the linker.

And since libraries normally comes with documentation, it does matter what libraries you are using - and where you got them from - since that decides where you might find the required documentation. And it matters when looking for other users that might have experience with the specific libraries.

In your case, the linker mentions symbol names it sees that you try to reference - but it hasn't found any actual implementation. Now you have to figure out where you have that missing source code. Or the missing object files. Or the missing libraries.

If you have issues with your car - don't you think it's important to mention brand, model and model year when you want help or want to buy spare parts?

In the end, when asking for help, it often hurts to supply too little information - but it very seldom hurts to supply a bit too much information.

well sorry if i offended you by not mentioning my libraries
but as i said am still a beginner here so i didn't know how to use you suggestion :'(
as you have remarked am using the plc and gmp libraries i read the documentation that you have sent to me but am still stuck in my problem
here are the included .h files :
in my bls code
#include "pbc.h"
#include "pbc_test.h"
then within the pbc.h
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "gmp.h"
#include "pbc_utils.h"
#include "pbc_field.h"
#include "pbc_param.h"
#include "pbc_pairing.h"
#include "pbc_curve.h"
#include "pbc_mnt.h"
#include "pbc_a1_param.h"
#include "pbc_a_param.h"
#include "pbc_d_param.h"
#include "pbc_e_param.h"
#include "pbc_f_param.h"
#include "pbc_g_param.h"
#include "pbc_i_param.h"
#include "pbc_random.h"
#include "pbc_memory.h"

Hi mariam,

The problem may not be in your code. You may have correctly included the header files but for the all the variables/functions declared in those header files, it must have a definition of those.

So as Per Westermark already said, you need the Libraries implementation files: the source files (.c/.cpp) OR the object files (.o) OR the Library file (*.lib) included in your project.

Check the Libraries documentation and associated supplied files that came with library.

Regards,
Girish Thavai

crystal clear thank you Mr Girish Thavai and Mr Per Westermark

hi
since i filed to generate the implementation libraries files with msys emulation tool i had to change my code
the new code is about calculating energy, ETX and the position of nodes in WSN it includes:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "ESSAI2.h"

however i get this warning warning: #223-D: function "min" declared implicitly
then this error
Error: L6218E: Undefined symbol min (referred from main.o).

from other discussions i got to know that it's not a Linker issue

But i couldn't rectify it ..please do you have any hint to help me

Hi mariam,

Go through the Keil Help Manual for List of Errors and Warning. An error starting with L is a linker error.

From your warning and error, it seems the prototype for min() is incorrect or header file is not included or the that function is not defined the cause for generating that linker error.

Regards,
Girish Thavai

however i get this warning warning: #223-D: function "min" declared implicitly
then this error
Error: L6218E: Undefined symbol min (referred from main.o).

a) You used a function without prototyping it, so the compiler made assumptions about the parameters passed.

b) The actual functional code required is not provided anywhere in your project, or it's library files, and the linker can't find it.

The solution would be to determine which include file defines this macro, or provide a macro or function in your own code that does so.

well thank you i found the prob now
actually in my math.h the minimum is defined as fmin and not min

fmin() isn't really suitable.

min() and max() aren't a required part of stdlib.h, although often there.

stackoverflow.com/.../min-and-max-in-c

The common implementation looks like this

/* min and max macros */

#define max(a,b)    (((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b))
#define min(a,b)    (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b))

Try Google, it really works...

thank you very much