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Ubuntu Server on ARM fails to boot after cloning EFI partition from HDD to SSD

Caseprr LI

## Description:
I’m unable to boot Ubuntu Server after migrating the system from an HDD to an SSD on an ARM-based system. Here’s what I did and the current state:

### Steps to reproduce:
1. I cloned the EFI partition from my original HDD (/dev/sdc1) to a new SSD (/dev/sde1) using mount and cp (or another cloning tool). Both partitions are 500 GB.
2. Set the SSD as the boot drive in UEFI/BIOS as the first priority.

### Current behavior:
When booting, GNU GRUB (version 2.12) only shows one option:
```bash
*UEFI Firmware Settings
```

No Ubuntu boot entry appears, and I cannot proceed to the OS.

> Seeing only "UEFI Firmware Settings" in GRUB usually means **GRUB
> isn't detecting your Linux kernel or other OS entries**, often due to
> incorrect EFI System Partition (ESP) mounting, missing kernel modules,
> issues during installation, or disabled OS Prober, requiring steps
> like reinstalling GRUB with correct partition mounts (e.g., ESP
> to /boot or /boot/efi), enabling os-prober, disabling Windows Fast
> Startup, or running efibootmgr to manually create entries.


---

### What I’ve tried:
1. Checked that the EFI partition on the SSD contains a `/boot/efi/EFI` folder.
```bash
userA@ubuntu:~$ sudo ls -al /boot/efi
total 24
drwx------ 3 root root 16384 Jan 1 1970 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 120 Dec 10 17:17 ..
drwx------ 4 root root 8192 Dec 17 2018 EFI
```
2. Try to use [Boot Repair](launchpad.net/.../boot-repair) to fix the problem but got error message:
> 64bits detected. Please use this software in a 64bits session. (Please use Boot-Repair-Disk-64bit (www.sourceforge.net/p/boot-repair-cd) which contains a 64-bits-compatible version of this software.) This will enable this feature.

## System information:
* **Architecture:** ARM (Marvell® ThunderX2® CN9975 28-core ARM processors)
* **Original HDD:** /dev/sdc1 (EFI partition)
* **Target SSD:** /dev/sde1 (cloned EFI partition)
* **Ubuntu version:** 24.04.3 LTS

----

How can I rebuild the GRUB boot entries or fix the boot configuration from a USB live Ubuntu desktop environment?