Hi, i'm using performance advisor together with streamline to profile our game.The report says our GPU seems to be busy with load/store operations. The optimization advice is mainly about how to optimize compute shaders.The GPU cycles indicates we are fragment bound. (Total 20K Fragment 18K Non-Fragment 16K)The GPU external read bandwidth is 137M, write bandwidth is around 350MOur game is quite complex and the only compute shader related pass is some postprocess related to tone-mapping.So i looked into streamline's related performance counters:Streamline sample duration is 100ms, total load store cycles is 3526K, and it's about 1.8 times more than other ALU operations.
Load/store total issues：10.19 mega-cyclesLoad/store full read issues：0.31 mega-cycles Load/store partial read issues：3.84 mega-cycles Load/store full write issues：4 mega-cyclesLoad/store partial write issues：2.03 mega-cyclesLoad/store atomic issues：< 0.01 mega-cycles
We're testing on a G77MP16 GPU, docs says it's LSC bandwidth is designed to be 32 Byte / Cycle
Load/store bytes read from L2 per access cycle：8 byteLoad/store bytes read from external memory per access cycle：3 byteLoad/store bytes written to L2 per access cycle：16 byte
Load/store read bytes from L2 cache：32.48 MBTexture read bytes from L2 cache：8.48 MBLoad/store read bytes from external memory：12.3 MBTexture read bytes from external memory：6.08 MB Load/store write bytes：97 MB Tile buffer write bytes：2.56MB
Full quad warp rate：96%Diverged instruction issue rate：<1%All registers warp rate：25%Constant tile kill rate：7%
The Load/Store write bytes seems to consume most L2 cache's bandwidth
Although above counters doesn't indicate any problem related to external memory load/store, but theses counter looks suspicious:
Output external read bytes：409 MB / 100ms，137 MB / FrameOutput external write bytes：1037 MB / 100ms，342 MB / Frame
Output external read stall rate：6%Output external write stall rate：200%
The external write stall rate is 200% ...
So, to my knowleage, performance advisor says we have a load/store problem. And there's at least 2 types of load/stores.One for L2 cache, one for external memory.
For L2 cache load/stores, we're write bound? But when does GPU write to L2 cache? Like when register spill happens(We have a 25% of all register wrap rate)? Like when filling L2 cache with geometry / thread stack data for shader wraps? And i tried to show/hide some portion of our game, the execution engine & load/store cycles goes down together. What should i do? I'm a little confused here, what could cause a high L2 load/store write bandwidth.
For external memory load/store, the counters says we're still write bound. I understand writing to external memory is time consuming. Does 14GB/s is too much for the external memory system? Should we try to optimize external write bandwidth as well?
sindney said:This chart shows Shader Core's different unit's performance in cycle count, right?
Yes, it shows the utilization of the major functional part of each pipeline - i.e. the bit that does real work. It is deliberately simplified and can't show all the detail of every pipeline, so its a simplification and there may be bottlenecks in each pipe which don't show up here if content start stressing the pipe in weird ways. Streamline has the full counter set and can show more detail.
sindney said:So the high Load/Store cycles is caused by load/store data from unified L2 Cache and external DRAM, which don't include LSC bandwidth, is this correct?
The LSC counter just shows L1 cache accesses. Each access might not access L2 or external memory at all if the data is already in the L1.
sindney said:If we confirm we consumes too much external memory write bandwidth, what's the main cause of writing to external DRAM?
Intermediate outputs from the vertex shader are stored back to memory before being read by the fragment shader, so the main cause of load/store writes is vertex shader outputs. Minimizing vertex count and reducing precision (use mediump outputs from the vertex shader as much as possible - usually only need highp for position and depth) can help to reduce the write bandwidth here.
Other options are writes from compute shaders (either to buffers or to images).
With your help, i have a deep understanding of mali GPU's characteristics. I think i can handle the rest of the problems now, thank you!
No problem at all, we're always happy to help.
Cheers, Pete